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to have a rigorous mind

  • 1 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 2 rigoureux

    rigoureux, -euse [ʀiguʀø, øz]
    adjective
       a. rigorous ; [maître] strict
       b. [interdiction] strict
    * * *
    - euse ʀiguʀø, øz adjectif
    1) [morale, discipline] strict, rigorous; [règlement, personne, application] strict
    2) [climat, hiver, conditions de travail] harsh, severe; [froid] severe
    3) [observations, recherches, démonstration] meticulous; [analyse, gestion, pensée, argumentation] rigorous
    * * *
    ʀiɡuʀø, øz adj (-euse)
    1) (morale) rigorous, strict
    2) (personne) rigorous
    3) (climat, châtiment) harsh, severe
    4) (interdiction, neutralité) strict
    5) (preuves, analyse, méthode) rigorous
    * * *
    rigoureux, - euse adj
    1 ( sévère) [morale, discipline] strict, rigorous; [règlement, personne] strict;
    2 ( rude) [climat, saison] harsh, severe; [froid] severe; [température] harsh; [conditions de travail] difficult, hard;
    3 ( conduit avec précision) [observations, recherches, démonstration, description] meticulous; [travail] meticulous, scrupulous; [logique, analyse, méthode, sélection, gestion, pensée] rigorous; [argumentation] meticulous, rigorous; [application] strict; de façon rigoureuse rigorously; la construction rigoureuse d'un roman the tight structure of a novel; un raisonnement rigoureux a closely reasoned argument;
    4 ( strict) [obéissance, sens] strict; [personne] rigorous; être rigoureux dans ses observations/analyses to be rigorous ou meticulous in one's observations/analysis.
    ( féminin rigoureuse) [rigurø, øz] adjectif
    1. [sévère - personne] severe, rigorous ; [ - sanction] harsh, severe ; [ - principe] strict
    2. [scrupuleux - analyse, définition, raisonnement] rigorous ; [ - contrôle] strict ; [ - description] minute, precise ; [ - discipline] strict
    3. [rude - climat] harsh

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rigoureux

  • 3 pensée

    pensée [pɑ̃se]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = idée) thought
    • aller jusqu'au bout de sa pensée ( = raisonner) to take one's line of thought to its logical conclusion ; ( = dire ce qu'on pense) to say what one thinks
    • à la pensée que... to think that...
       b. ( = fleur) pansy
    * * *
    pɑ̃se
    1) gén, Philosophie thought
    2) ( esprit) mind

    en pensée, par la pensée — [se représenter, voir] in one's mind

    3) ( manière de penser) thinking
    4) ( fleur) pansy
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    pɑ̃se nf
    1) (= idée) thought
    2) (le fait de penser) thinking no pl
    3) (façon de penser) thinking
    4) (doctrine) thought

    les pensées orientales — Eastern thought, Oriental thought

    5) BOTANIQUE pansy
    * * *
    pensée nf
    1 ( faculté) thought; le cerveau, siège de la pensée the brain, seat of thought; la pensée distingue l'homme de l'animal thought distinguishes man from animals;
    2 ( ce que l'on pense) thought; être perdu dans ses pensées to be lost in thought; faites-nous part de vos pensées sur or à ce sujet let us know your thoughts on this matter; voilà une pensée très profonde! iron how profound!; à la pensée de at the thought of; j'enrage à la pensée qu'elle puisse être avec lui I'm furious at the thought that she might be with him; je frémis rien qu'à la pensée de devoir y aller I shudder at the very thought of having to go there; j'aimerais connaître le fond de ta pensée I'd like to know what you really think deep down; il l'a fait dans la pensée de vous être agréable he did it thinking that it would please you; dire sa pensée to speak one's mind, to say what one thinks; lire dans les pensées de qn to read sb's mind ou thoughts; il a eu une pensée pour les victimes de l'accident he remembered the victims of the accident; j'ai eu une pensée émue pour mes grands-parents I thought fondly of my grandparents;
    3 ( esprit) mind; venir à la pensée de qn to come to sb's mind; elle essayait de chasser l'image de sa pensée she was trying to get the image out of her mind; en pensée, par la pensée [se représenter, voir] in one's mind; nous serons avec vous par la pensée we'll be with you in spirit;
    4 ( manière de penser) thinking; pensée claire/confuse clear/muddled thinking;
    5 ( philosophie) thought; la pensée moderne/grecque/marxiste modern/Greek/Marxist thought; la pensée de Hegel/Machiavel the thought of Hegel/Machiavelli; une pensée politique très pauvre impoverished political ideas (pl);
    6 ( fleur) pansy.
    pensée unique dominant ideology.
    [pɑ̃se] nom féminin
    1. [idée] thought, idea
    tout à la pensée de son rendez-vous, il n'a pas vu arriver la voiture deeply absorbed in ou by the thought of his meeting, he didn't see the car (coming)
    être tout à ou perdu dans ses pensées to be lost in thought
    a. [méchantes] to have evil thoughts
    b. [sexuelles] to indulge in immoral ou bad thoughts
    2. [façon de raisonner] thought
    aller au bout ou au fond de sa pensée: pour aller jusqu'au bout ou fond de ma pensée je dirais que... to be absolutely frank, I'd say that...
    allez donc jusqu'au bout de votre pensée come on, say what you really think ou what's really on your mind
    4. [esprit] mind
    pensée conceptuelle/logique/mathématique conceptual/logical/mathematical thought
    ‘Pensées’ Pascal ‘Pensées’
    6. [idéologie] (way of) thinking
    la pensée chrétienne Christian thinking, the Christian way of thinking
    7. [dans les formules]
    avec nos affectueuses ou meilleures pensées with (all) our love ou fondest regards
    ————————
    pensées nom féminin pluriel
    LITTÉRATURE & PHILOSOPHIE thoughts

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > pensée

  • 4 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 5 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 6 читатель

    reader ( при обращении к читателю reader всегда употребляется с артиклем the)
    • Безусловно, читатель знаком с... - The reader is doubtless familiar with...
    • Безусловно, читатель знаком с идеей, что... - The reader is no doubt familiar with the idea that...
    • В данной главе у читателя предполагается интуитивное знание... - In this chapter we assume an intuitive knowledge of...
    • В качестве простого упражнения мы предоставляем читателю показать, что... - It is a simple exercise for the reader to show that...
    • В качестве упражнения мы оставляем читателю доказательство того, что... - It is left as an exercise for the reader to show that...
    • В частности, мы предполагаем знакомство читателя с... - In particular, we assume familiarity with...
    • Внимание читателя привлекается к тому факту, что... - The reader's attention is drawn to the fact that...
    • Внимательный читатель заметит, что... - An alert reader will have noticed that...
    • Возможно, теперь читатель... - At this point the reader will probably...
    • Возможно, что читателю будет известно... - The reader will probably be familiar with...
    • Возможно, что читателю будет очевидно, что... - It will probably be obvious to the reader that...
    • Читателю предоставляется проделать это простое вычисление в деталях. - The details of this straightforward computation are left to the reader.
    • Для дополнительной информации читателю настоятельно рекомендуется ознакомиться с Приложением А. - The reader should consult Appendix A for further information.
    • Доказательство (этой теоремы и т. п.) простое. Мы оставляем его читателю. - The proof is simple; we leave it to the reader.
    • Дополнить детали (доказательства и т. п.) мы оставляем читателю. - The details are left to the reader.
    • Заинтересованный (в этом) читатель отсылается к книге Смита [1]. - The interested reader is referred to the book by Smith [1].
    • Книга должна быть доступна любому читателю. - The book should be accessible to everyday readers.
    • Книга должна быть доступна читателям с различной подготовкой. - The book should be accessible to readers from a variety of backgrounds.
    • Книга должна быть доступна читателям с широким кругом интересов. - The book should be accessible to readers having a wide variety of interests.
    • Книга должна быть доступна широкой аудитории читателей. - The book should be accessible to a broad audience.
    • Книга должна быть доступна широкому кругу читателей. - The book should be accessible to a wide variety of readers.
    • Мы будем предполагать, что читатель знаком с... - We shall assume that the reader is familiar with...
    • Мы будем предполагать, что читатель обладает очевидной интуитивной концепцией... - We shall assume that the reader has a clear intuitive idea of...
    • Мы настоятельно побуждаем читателя... - The reader is strongly urged to...
    • Мы оставляем читателю доказательство противоположного утверждения. - We leave the converse proof to the reader.
    • Мы оставляем читателю проверку данного утверждения. - We leave verification of this assertion to the reader.
    • Мы оставляем читателю проверку того, что... - It is left for the reader to verify that...
    • Мы отсылаем читателя к классическому руководству Смита [1]. - The reader is referred to the classic treatise of Smith [1].
    • Мы рекомендуем заинтересованному читателю использовать... - The interested reader is urged to explore...
    • Мы рекомендуем читателю (изучить и т. п.)... читатель We advise the reader to...
    • Мы собираемся опереться на опыт читателя относительно... - We are going to rely on the reader's experience with...
    • Наблюдательный читатель заметит, что... - The observant reader will have noticed that...
    • Наконец, мы обращаем внимание читателя на... - We draw attention, finally, to...
    • Однако для читателя было бы неправильно думать, что... - But it would be wrong for the reader to think that...
    • Однако читатель мог бы по-прежнему возражать, что... - The reader might, however, still contend that...
    • Оставшаяся часть доказательства предоставляется читателю. - The remainder of the proof is left to the reader.
    • От читателя требуются знания, лишь немного превосходящие основы алгебры и тригонометрии. - Few prerequisites are needed apart from basic algebra and trigonometry.
    • За кратким введением в..., а также за дополнительными ссылками на литературу читатель может обратиться к (книге)... - For a brief introduction to..., and a further reference, the reader is directed to...
    • Относительно строгого вывода соотношения (12) читатель должен обратиться к работе Смита [1]. - For a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to Smith [1].
    • Перед тем как начать использовать эту концепцию, будет честным предупредить читателя, что... - Before we make use of this concept, it is only fair to warn the reader that...
    • Помня эти замечания, читатель должен... - With these remarks in mind, the reader should...
    • Предполагается, что читатель уже имеет некоторое знакомство с... - It is assumed that the reader already has some acquaintance with...
    • Проверку данной формулы мы оставляем читателю в качестве упражнения. - We leave it as an exercise for the reader to check the formula.
    • Результат, справедливость которого может быть проверена самим читателем, формулируется следующим образом. - The result, which may be verified by the reader, is...
    • Уже знакомый с... читатель может получить впечатление, что... - The reader who has previously studied... may have the impression that...
    • Читатель сам быстро убедится в том, что... - The reader will readily convince himself that...
    • Читатель должен быть внимательным, чтобы не перепутать... - The reader should be careful not to confuse...
    • Читатель должен обратить особое внимание, что... - The reader must observe carefully that...
    • Читатель должен принять во внимание, что... - The reader should appreciate that...
    • Читатель должен проверить выполнение этих утверждений. - The reader should verify these statements.
    • Читатель должен проверить, что это справедливо. - The reader should verify that this is the case.
    • Читатель должен тщательно изучить этот пример. - The reader should study this example carefully.
    • Читатель должен ясно понимать различие между... - The reader must understand clearly the difference between...
    • Читатель иногда может обнаружить, что встретился с... - The reader may occasionally find himself faced with...
    • Читатель легко может проверить, что... - The reader will have no difficulty in verifying...
    • Читатель мог бы быть удивлен, увидев, что... - The reader may be puzzled to see that...
    • Читатель мог бы заметить близкое сходство между этим анализом и... - The reader may notice a close similarity between this analysis and...
    • Читатель мог бы начать интересоваться (чем-л). - The reader may have begun to wonder about...
    • Читатель мог бы также захотеть... - The reader may also want to...
    • Читатель мог бы удивиться, видя, что... - The reader may be surprised to see that...
    • Читатель мог бы уже заметить, что... - The reader may have noticed that...
    • Читатель может легко подтвердить (= показать), что... - The reader can easily confirm that...
    • Читатель может оставаться уверенным, что... - The reader may rest assured that...
    • Читатель может сравнить этот результат с выражением (6). - The reader may compare this result with the expression (6).
    • Читатель может считать очевидным, что... - The reader may consider it as obvious that...
    • Читатель найдет поучительным... - The reader will find it instructive to...
    • Читатель найдет этот результат в любом учебнике... - The reader will find this result in any textbook on...
    • Читатель найдет, что... - The reader will find that...
    • Читатель обязан помнить, что... - The reader must keep in mind that...
    • Читатель поймет, что данные свойства прямо связаны с... - The reader will realize that these properties are directly connected with...
    • Читатель с хорошей подготовкой немедленно заметит, что... - The knowledgeable reader will see at once that...
    • Читатель увидит, как можно использовать высшую математику в... - The reader will see how ordinary calculus can be applied to...
    • Читатель, возможно, мог бы начать подозревать, что... - The reader might begin to suspect that...
    • Читатель, не интересующийся этой тонкостью, может немедленно перейти к следующему параграфу. - The reader not interested in this subtle point can turn immediately to the next section.
    • Читатель, несомненно, вспомнит, что... - The reader will doubtless recall that...
    • Читателю будет полезным помнить, что... - The reader will find it helpful to keep in mind that...
    • Читателю еще придется... - It will occur to the reader that...
    • Читателю предлагается самостоятельно проверить, что... - The reader is welcome to check that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > читатель

  • 7 scharf

    (beißend) caustic; acrimonious; biting; pungent; acrid; tart;
    (bissig) fierce;
    (brüsk) stiff;
    (geladen) live;
    (scharfsinnig) trenchant; incisive; keen;
    (schneidend) cutting; edged; sharp;
    (sexuell erregt) randy (ugs.); horny (ugs.)
    * * *
    schạrf [ʃarf]
    1. adj comp - er
    ['ʃɛrfɐ] superl -ste(r, s) ['ʃɛrfstə]
    1) Messer, Kante, Kurve sharp; (= durchdringend) Wind keen, biting, cutting; Kälte biting; Luft raw, keen; Frost sharp, keen; Ton piercing, shrill

    das scharfe S (Aus inf) — the "scharfes s" (German symbol ß), ess-tset

    2) (= stark gewürzt) hot; Geruch, Geschmack pungent, acrid; Käse strong, sharp; Alkohol (= stark) strong; (= brennend) fiery; (= ätzend) Waschmittel, Lösung caustic

    scharfe Sachen (inf) — hard stuff (inf)

    3) (= hart, streng) Mittel, Maßnahmen tough, severe, drastic; (inf) Prüfung, Untersuchung strict, tough; Lehrer, Polizist tough; Bewachung close, tight; Hund fierce
    4) (= schonungslos, stark) Worte, Kritik sharp, biting, harsh; Widerstand, Konkurrenz fierce, tough; Gegner, Protest strong, fierce; Auseinandersetzung bitter, fierce

    eine scharfe Zunge haben — to have a sharp tongue, to be sharp-tongued

    jdn/etw in scharfer Form kritisieren — to criticize sb/sth in strong terms

    5) (= deutlich, klar, genau) sharp; Unterschied sharp, marked; Brille, Linse sharply focusing; Augen sharp, keen; Töne clear, precise; Verstand, Intelligenz, Gehör sharp, keen, acute; Beobachter keen
    6) (= heftig, schnell) Ritt, Trab hard

    ein scharfes Tempo fahren (inf) — to drive hell for leather (Brit) or like a bat out of hell (inf), to drive at quite a lick (Brit inf)

    7) (= echt) Munition etc, Schuss live
    8) (inf = geil) randy (Brit inf horny (inf)

    scharf werden — to get turned on (inf), to get randy (Brit inf) or horny (inf)

    auf jdn/etw scharf sein — to be keen on (inf) or hot for (inf) sb/sth, to fancy sb/sth (inf)

    der Kleine/Alte ist scharf wie Nachbars Lumpi or tausend Russen or sieben Sensen (dated) — he's a randy (Brit) or horny little/old bugger (inf)

    See:
    → auch scharfmachen
    2. adv comp -er,
    superl am -sten
    1)

    (= intensiv) scharf nach etw riechen — to smell strongly of sth

    scharf würzen — to season highly, to make hot (inf)

    2)

    (= schneidend) etw scharf schleifen — to sharpen or hone sth to a fine edge

    das "s" wird oft scharf ausgesprochen — "s" is often voiceless, "s" is often pronounced as an "s" and not a "z"

    3) (= heftig) attackieren, kritisieren sharply; ablehnen adamantly; protestieren emphatically
    4) (= konzentriert) zuhören closely

    jdn scharf ansehen — to give sb a scrutinizing look; (missbilligend) to look sharply at sb

    scharf nachdenken — to have a good or long think, to think long and hard

    5) (= präzise) analysieren carefully, in detail
    6)

    (= genau) etw scharf einstellen (Bild, Diaprojektor etc) — to bring sth into focus; Sender to tune sth in (properly)

    scharf eingestellt — in (sharp) focus, (properly) tuned in

    scharf sehen/hören — to have sharp eyes/ears

    7) (= schnell) fahren, marschieren fast
    8) (= abrupt) bremsen sharply, hard
    9)

    (= hart) scharf vorgehen/durchgreifen — to take decisive action

    10) (= streng) bewachen closely
    11)

    (= knapp) scharf kalkulieren — to reduce one's profit margin

    12) (= fein) hören, sehen clearly, well
    13) (MIL)

    in der Diskussion wurde ziemlich scharf geschossen (inf) — the discussion became rather heated, sparks flew in the discussion

    * * *
    2) ((of the senses) keen: acute hearing.) acute
    3) ((of food) having a sharp, burning taste: a hot curry.) hot
    4) (insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) cut
    6) keen
    7) (sharp: Her eyesight is as keen as ever.) keen
    8) ((of wind etc) very cold and biting.) keen
    9) ((of food) containing a lot of pepper: The soup is too peppery.) peppery
    10) (full of energy, and capable of becoming active: a live bomb) live
    12) ((of a taste or smell) sharp and strong.) pungent
    13) (unpleasantly stale and strong: a rank smell of tobacco.) rank
    14) severe
    15) (having a thin edge that can cut or a point that can pierce: a sharp knife.) sharp
    16) ((of changes in direction) sudden and quick: a sharp left turn.) sharp
    17) (alert: Dogs have sharp ears.) sharp
    18) (with an abrupt change of direction: Turn sharp left here.) sharp
    19) (in a sharp manner: a sharply-pointed piece of glass; The road turned sharply to the left; He rebuked her sharply.) sharply
    * * *
    <schärfer, schärfste>
    [ʃarf]
    I. adj
    1. (gut geschliffen) Messer, Klinge sharp, keen form
    \scharfe Krallen/Zähne sharp claws/teeth
    etw \scharf machen to sharpen sth
    etw \scharf schleifen to sharpen sth
    eine \scharfe Bügelfalte a sharp crease
    \scharfe Gesichtszüge sharp features
    eine \scharfe Kante a sharp edge
    eine \scharfe Kurve/Kehre a hairpin bend
    eine \scharfe Nase a sharp nose
    3. KOCHK (hochprozentig) strong; (sehr würzig) highly seasoned; (stark gewürzt) hot
    \scharfe Gewürze/ \scharfer Senf hot spices/mustard
    \scharfer Käse strong cheese
    einen S\scharfen trinken (fam) to knock back some of the hard stuff fam
    4. (ätzend) aggressive, caustic [or strong]
    \scharfe Dämpfe caustic vapours [or AM -ors]
    ein \scharfer Geruch a pungent odour [or AM -or]
    \scharfe Putzmittel aggressive detergents; s.a. Sache
    5. (schonungslos, heftig) harsh, severe, tough
    \scharfe Ablehnung fierce [or strong] opposition
    \scharfe Aufsicht/Bewachung/Kontrolle rigorous [or strict] supervision/surveillance/control
    \scharfe Auseinandersetzungen bitter altercations
    \scharfe dirigistische Eingriffe POL drastic state interference
    etw in schärfster Form verurteilen to condemn sth in the strongest possible terms
    ein \scharfer Gegner a fierce opponent
    \scharfe Konkurrenz fierce [or keen] competition
    \scharfe Maßnahmen ergreifen to take drastic [or harsh] measures
    ein \scharfer Polizist a tough policeman
    ein \scharfer Prüfer a strict examiner
    \scharfer Protest strong [or vigorous] protest
    ein \scharfes Urteil a harsh [or scathing] judgement
    6. (bissig) fierce, vicious pej
    \scharfe Kritik biting [or fierce] criticism
    ein \scharfer Verweis a strong reprimand
    \scharfer Widerstand fierce [or strong] resistance
    eine \scharfe Zunge haben to have a sharp tongue
    sehr \scharf gegen jdn werden to be very sharp with sb
    7. inv (echt) real
    eine \scharfe Bombe a live bomb
    mit \scharfen Patronen schießen to shoot live bullets
    \scharfe Schüsse abfeuern to shoot with live ammunition
    8. (konzentriert, präzise) careful, keen
    ein \scharfer Analytiker a careful [or thorough] analyst
    eine \scharfe Auffassungsgabe haben to have keen powers of observation
    ein \scharfes Auge für etw akk haben to have a keen eye for sth
    ein \scharfer Beobachter a keen [or perceptive] observer
    \scharfe Beobachtung astute [or keen] observation
    \scharfe Betrachtung careful [or thorough] examination
    \scharfer Blick close [or thorough] inspection
    \scharfe Intelligenz keen intelligence
    ein \scharfer Verstand a keen [or sharp] mind
    9. FOTO sharp
    ein gestochen \scharfes Foto an extremely sharp photo
    eine \scharfe Linse a strong [or powerful] lens
    \scharfe Umrisse sharp outlines
    10. (schneidend) biting
    \scharfer Frost sharp frost
    \scharfe Kälte biting [or fierce] cold
    \scharfes Licht glaring [or stabbing] light
    \scharfe Luft raw air
    eine \scharfe Stimme a sharp voice
    ein \scharfer Ton a shrill sound
    ein \scharfer Wind a biting wind
    11. (forciert) hard, fast
    in \scharfem Galopp reiten to ride at a furious gallop
    ein \scharfer Ritt a hard ride
    in \scharfem Tempo at a [fast and] furious pace
    12. (sl: fantastisch) great fam, fantastic fam, terrific
    ein \scharfes Auto a cool car
    [das ist] \scharf! [that is] cool!
    das ist das Schärfste! (sl) that [really] takes the biscuit [or AM cake]! fig
    13. FBALL (kraftvoll) fierce
    ein \scharfer Schuss a fierce shot
    14. (aggressiv) fierce
    ein \scharfer [Wach]hund a fierce [watch]dog
    15. (sl: aufreizend, geil) spicy fam, naughty fam, sexy fam
    ein \scharfes Mädchen a sexy girl
    \scharf auf jdn sein (fam) to have the hots for sb fam
    auf etw akk \scharf sein to [really] fancy sth fam, to be keen on sth
    II. adv
    \scharf gebügelte Hosen sharply ironed trousers [or pants
    ich esse/koche gerne \scharf I like eating/cooking spicy/hot food
    \scharf schmecken to taste hot
    etw \scharf würzen to highly season sth
    3. (heftig) sharply
    etw \scharf ablehnen to reject sth outright [or out of hand], to flatly reject sth
    etw \scharf angreifen [o attackieren] to attack sth sharply [or viciously]
    \scharf durchgreifen to take drastic action
    etw \scharf kritisieren to criticize sth sharply [or harshly] [or severely]
    gegen etw akk \scharf protestieren to protest strongly [or vigorously] against sth
    etw \scharf verurteilen to condemn sth strongly [or harshly]
    jdm \scharf widersprechen to vehemently contradict
    4. (konzentriert, präzise) carefully
    \scharf analysieren to analyze carefully [or painstakingly] [or thoroughly]
    \scharf aufpassen to take great [or extreme] care
    ein Problem \scharf beleuchten to get right to the heart of a problem
    \scharf beobachten to observe [or watch] carefully [or closely]
    \scharf hinsehen to look good and hard
    etw \scharf unter die Lupe nehmen to investigate sth carefully [or thoroughly], to take a careful [or close] look at sth
    \scharf nachdenken to think hard
    etw \scharf umreißen to define sth clearly [or sharply
    5. (streng) hard, closely
    etw \scharf bekämpfen to fight hard [or strongly] against sth
    jdn \scharf bewachen to keep a close guard on sb
    gegen etw akk \scharf durchgreifen [o vorgehen] to take drastic [or vigorous] action [or to take drastic steps] against sth
    6. (klar) sharply
    der Baum hebt sich \scharf vom Hintergrund ab the tree contrasts sharply to the background
    das Bild/den Sender \scharf einstellen to sharply focus the picture/tune in the station
    \scharf sehen to have keen [or sharp] eyes
    7. (abrupt) abruptly, sharply
    \scharf links/rechts abbiegen/einbiegen to take a sharp left/right, to turn sharp left/right
    Fleisch \scharf anbraten to sear meat
    \scharf bremsen to brake sharply, to slam on the brakes
    \scharf geladen sein to be loaded [with live ammunition]
    \scharf schießen to shoot [with live ammunition]
    9. (in forciertem Tempo) fast, like the wind [or devil]
    \scharf reiten to ride hard
    10. FBALL (kraftvoll) fiercely
    \scharf schießen to shoot fiercely
    * * *
    1.
    ; schärfer, schärfst... Adjektiv
    2) (stark gewürzt, brennend, stechend) hot; strong <drink, vinegar, etc.>; caustic < chemical>; pungent, acrid < smell>
    3) (durchdringend) shrill; (hell) harsh; biting <wind, air, etc.>; sharp < frost>
    4) (deutlich wahrnehmend) keen; sharp
    5) (deutlich hervortretend) sharp <contours, features, nose, photograph>
    6) (schonungslos) tough, fierce <resistance, competition, etc.>; sharp <criticism, remark, words, etc.>; strong, fierce <opponent, protest, etc.>; severe, harsh <sentence, law, measure, etc.>; fierce < dog>
    7) (schnell) fast; hard <ride, gallop, etc.>
    8) (explosiv) live; (Ballspiele) powerful < shot>
    9)

    das scharfe S — (bes. österr.) the German letter ‘ß’

    10) (ugs.): (geil) sexy <girl, clothes, pictures, etc.>; randy <fellow, thoughts, etc.>
    11)

    scharf auf jemanden/etwas sein — (ugs.) really fancy somebody (coll.) /be really keen on something

    2.
    1)

    scharf würzen/abschmecken — season/flavour highly

    2) (durchdringend) shrilly; (hell) harshly; (kalt) bitingly
    3) (deutlich wahrnehmend) <listen, watch, etc.> closely, intently; <think, consider, etc.> hard
    5) (schonungslos) <attack, criticize, etc.> sharply, strongly; <contradict, oppose, etc.> strongly, fiercely; <watch, observe, etc.> closely
    6) (schnell) fast

    scharf bremsen — brake hard or sharply

    7)
    * * *
    scharf; schärfer, am schärfsten
    A. adj
    1. Messer etc: sharp (auch fig);
    scharfe Zunge sharp tongue
    2. Essen: hot, spicy, highly seasoned; Essig, Senf, Käse: strong; Geruch: acrid, pungent; Säure: caustic; Paprika, Pfeffer: hot; Alkohol: strong; (brennend) sharp; Waschmittel: aggressive;
    scharfe Saucen picante sauces;
    scharfe Sachen umg the hard stuff sg;
    das ist vielleicht ein scharfes Zeug umg it really burns your throat
    3. Sinnesorgan etc: sharp;
    scharfes Auge, scharfer Blick sharp ( oder keen) eye(s), keen eyesight;
    ein scharfes Auge haben für have a keen ( oder good) eye for;
    scharfes Gehör sharp ears, keen sense of hearing;
    scharfer Beobachter/Denker keen observer/thinker;
    scharfer Verstand keen ( oder incisive) mind
    4. Kritik, Zurechtweisung etc: harsh, severe; (heftig) hard;
    scharfer Kritiker severe critic;
    scharfer Protest fierce ( oder sharp oder vehement) protest;
    schärfsten Protest einlegen protest vehemently;
    scharfer Widerstand severe ( oder stiff) opposition;
    in scharfem Ton in a sharp tone
    5. (durchdringend) Ton: piercing, shrill;
    scharfer Wind biting ( oder cutting) wind;
    die Luft ist scharf there’s a nip ( oder bite) in the air
    6. (hart, stark) Gegensatz: stark;
    ein scharfer Gegner von … a sworn enemy of …;
    scharfer Kampf hard fight;
    scharfe Konkurrenz stiff competition;
    scharfe Maßnahmen strict ( oder stringent) measures;
    eine scharfe Satire über … a pungent satire on …;
    scharfe Bestrafung severe punishment;
    ein scharfer Hund an attack dog (trained to attack intruders etc); umg, fig hard taskmaster;
    sie ist eine scharfe Prüferin umg she’s a demanding ( oder tough) examiner
    7. (deutlich) sharp, clear;
    scharfe Umrisse clear ( oder sharp) outlines;
    scharfe Gesichtszüge sharp ( oder clear-cut) features;
    das Bild ist nicht ganz scharf the picture isn’t quite sharp ( oder is slightly blurred);
    eine schärfere Brille brauchen need stronger spectacles; → auch gestochen
    8. (jäh, abrupt) abrupt, sharp;
    scharfe Kurve sharp bend;
    scharfe Kurven umg, fig a sensational figure sg
    9. (schnell) fast;
    scharfer Ritt hard ride;
    scharfes Tempo fast ( oder sharp) pace;
    scharfer Schuss SPORT powerful shot
    10. umg (versessen)
    auf jemanden/etwas scharf sein be keen on (US eager about) sb/sth; stärker: be wild about sb/sth;
    ganz scharf darauf sein zu (+inf) umg be dead keen on (US wild about) (+ger), be dead keen to (US dying to) (+inf)
    11. umg (geil) besonders Br randy, horny sl;
    scharf wie Nachbars Lumpi as randy (US horny) as a dog on (US in) heat;
    scharfer Film/scharfes Buch/scharfe Wäsche sexy film/book/underwear
    12. umg (toll) great, cool;
    scharfe Klamotten/scharfes Auto auch snazzy clothes/car;
    das ist ja scharf that’s really (US real) cool
    13. LING:
    ein scharfes „S“ a German ß character
    14. Munition: live;
    mit scharfer Munition schießen shoot ( oder fire) live bullets
    B. adv
    1. sharply etc;
    scharf sehen/hören have sharp eyes/ears;
    scharf geschnitten Profil etc: clear-cut;
    scharf anbraten (fry to) seal;
    scharf bewachen keep a close guard (fig watch, eye) on;
    scharf aufpassen pay close attention, keep close watch;
    scharf ins Auge fassen fix sb with one’s eyes; fig take a close look at sb (oder sth);
    jemanden scharf anfassen müssen have to be very strict with sb;
    scharf durchgreifen take tough action (
    bei against);
    scharf ablehnen flatly reject;
    scharf verurteilen/kritisieren severely condemn/criticize;
    scharf formuliert sharply ( oder strongly)worded;
    scharf nachdenken think hard, have a good think;
    denkt mal scharf nach umg put your thinking caps on (for a minute);
    scharf schießen shoot with live ammunition;
    in der Diskussion wurde scharf geschossen fig there were some sharp exchanges during the discussion
    2.
    scharf würzen season with hot spices;
    zu scharf gewürzt too highly seasoned;
    gerne scharf essen like highly seasoned ( oder very spicy) food
    3. (genau) sharply, accurately;
    scharf einstellen FOTO focus (accurately);
    schärfer stellen Bild: make sharper; Radio: tune in better ( oder more accurately);
    mit dieser Brille sehe ich nicht scharf I can’t see clearly with these spectacles (US glasses);
    scharf blickend sharp-sighted; fig perspicacious;
    scharf umrissen sharply defined; fig clear-cut
    scharf bremsen brake hard, slam on the brakes;
    scharf anfahren make a racing start;
    ein unheimlich scharf geschossener Ball an incredibly powerful shot
    5.
    scharf nach rechts/links gehen turn sharp right/left;
    scharf rechts/links fahren dicht am Straßenrand: keep well in to the right/left, hug the right-hand/left-hand kerb (US curb); unkontrolliert: swerve ( oder veer) to the right/left; (abbiegen) turn sharp right/left;
    scharf auf ein Auto auffahren drive right up to a car’s rear bumper, besonders US tailgate a car; → schärfen
    * * *
    1.
    ; schärfer, schärfst... Adjektiv
    2) (stark gewürzt, brennend, stechend) hot; strong <drink, vinegar, etc.>; caustic < chemical>; pungent, acrid < smell>
    3) (durchdringend) shrill; (hell) harsh; biting <wind, air, etc.>; sharp < frost>
    4) (deutlich wahrnehmend) keen; sharp
    5) (deutlich hervortretend) sharp <contours, features, nose, photograph>
    6) (schonungslos) tough, fierce <resistance, competition, etc.>; sharp <criticism, remark, words, etc.>; strong, fierce <opponent, protest, etc.>; severe, harsh <sentence, law, measure, etc.>; fierce < dog>
    7) (schnell) fast; hard <ride, gallop, etc.>
    8) (explosiv) live; (Ballspiele) powerful < shot>
    9)

    das scharfe S — (bes. österr.) the German letter ‘ß’

    10) (ugs.): (geil) sexy <girl, clothes, pictures, etc.>; randy <fellow, thoughts, etc.>
    11)

    scharf auf jemanden/etwas sein — (ugs.) really fancy somebody (coll.) /be really keen on something

    2.
    1)

    scharf würzen/abschmecken — season/flavour highly

    2) (durchdringend) shrilly; (hell) harshly; (kalt) bitingly
    3) (deutlich wahrnehmend) <listen, watch, etc.> closely, intently; <think, consider, etc.> hard
    5) (schonungslos) <attack, criticize, etc.> sharply, strongly; <contradict, oppose, etc.> strongly, fiercely; <watch, observe, etc.> closely
    6) (schnell) fast

    scharf bremsen — brake hard or sharply

    7)
    * * *
    adj.
    acrid adj.
    acute adj.
    caustic adj.
    edged adj.
    hot adj.
    keen adj.
    poignant adj.
    pungent adj.
    sharp adj.
    strident adj.
    subtle adj.
    tangy adj.
    trenchant adj.
    twangy adj. adv.
    acridly adv.
    keenly adv.
    poignantly adv.
    pungently adv.
    sharply adv.
    stridently adv.
    trenchantly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > scharf

  • 8 rigor

    m.
    1 strictness.
    con rigor strictly
    2 accuracy, rigor.
    no tiene ningún rigor científico it's totally lacking in scientific rigor
    en rigor strictly (speaking)
    3 harshness (inclemencia).
    * * *
    1 (severidad) rigour (US rigor), strictness, severity
    2 (dureza) rigour (US rigor), harshness
    3 (exactitud) precision, exactness
    \
    con rigor rigorously
    de rigor essential, indispensable
    en rigor strictly speaking
    ser el rigor de las desdichas figurado to be born under an unlucky star
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=severidad) severity, harshness; (=dureza) toughness
    2) (Meteo) harshness, severity

    los rigores del clima — the rigours o (EEUU) rigors of the climate

    3) (=exactitud) rigour, rigor (EEUU)
    4)

    ser de rigor — (=esencial) to be de rigueur, be absolutely essential

    5)

    un rigor de cosas — And (=muchos) a whole lot of things

    * (=paliza)
    * * *
    1) ( severidad) rigor*

    el rigor de estas medidas — the harshness o severity of these measures

    2) ( precisión) rigor*

    con rigor — rigorously, strictly

    en rigor — ( honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; ( estrictamente) strictly speaking

    * * *
    = precision, strictness, rigour [rigor, -USA], severity, stringency.
    Ex. Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.
    Ex. They see people as marked by one particular attribute, cleverness, or kindness, or strictness, or being a good shot, and they mind whether things are right or wrong.
    Ex. Praiseworthy piecemeal modifications of this library rigour stand out as exceptions to prove the rule.
    Ex. Exuberance and enthusiasm are proper to the young, as Quintillian remarked: 'The young should be daring and inventive and should rejoice in their inventions, even though correctiveness and severity are still to be acquired'.
    Ex. Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.
    ----
    * con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.
    * de rigor = de rigueur.
    * en rigor = strictly speaking.
    * rigores del clima = rigours of the climate.
    * rigor intelectual = intellectual rigour.
    * sin excesivo rigor = loosely.
    * * *
    1) ( severidad) rigor*

    el rigor de estas medidas — the harshness o severity of these measures

    2) ( precisión) rigor*

    con rigor — rigorously, strictly

    en rigor — ( honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; ( estrictamente) strictly speaking

    * * *
    = precision, strictness, rigour [rigor, -USA], severity, stringency.

    Ex: Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.

    Ex: They see people as marked by one particular attribute, cleverness, or kindness, or strictness, or being a good shot, and they mind whether things are right or wrong.
    Ex: Praiseworthy piecemeal modifications of this library rigour stand out as exceptions to prove the rule.
    Ex: Exuberance and enthusiasm are proper to the young, as Quintillian remarked: 'The young should be daring and inventive and should rejoice in their inventions, even though correctiveness and severity are still to be acquired'.
    Ex: Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.
    * con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.
    * de rigor = de rigueur.
    * en rigor = strictly speaking.
    * rigores del clima = rigours of the climate.
    * rigor intelectual = intellectual rigour.
    * sin excesivo rigor = loosely.

    * * *
    A (severidad) rigor*
    con todo el rigor de la ley with the utmost severity o full rigor of the law
    el rigor de las medidas disciplinarias the harshness o severity of the disciplinary measures
    el rigor del invierno the rigors of winter
    B (precisión) rigor*
    rigor científico scientific rigor
    los criterios se aplicarán con rigor the criteria will be rigorously o strictly applied, the criteria will be applied with rigor
    de rigor usual
    contéstale con la carta de rigor send him the usual o the standard reply
    los saludos de rigor the usual greetings
    después de la ceremonia, las fotos de rigor after the ceremony there were the inevitable o usual o obligatory photos
    en una ocasión así el frac es de rigor tails are de rigueur o are a must on such an occasion
    en rigor (honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; (estrictamente) strictly speaking
    ser el rigor de las desdichas to be very unfortunate
    * * *

    rigor sustantivo masculino ( en general) rigor( conjugate rigor);
    (de medidas, castigo) harshness, severity;

    el rigor del invierno the rigors of winter;
    con rigor rigorously, strictly;
    los saludos de rigor the usual greetings
    rigor sustantivo masculino
    1 (dureza, inflexibilidad) severity
    el rigor de la ley/del invierno, the severity of the law/winter
    2 (precisión, fundamento) rigour, US rigor: su teoría carece de rigor científico, her theory lacks scientific rigor
    ♦ Locuciones: de rigor, indispensable, customary
    en rigor, strictly speaking

    ' rigor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rigurosamente
    - exactitud
    English:
    rigor
    - rigor mortis
    - rigorousness
    - rigour
    - severity
    - loosely
    - strictly
    - unscientific
    * * *
    rigor nm
    1. [severidad] strictness;
    criticaron el rigor de la pena they criticized the severity o harshness of the sentence;
    con rigor strictly
    2. [exactitud] accuracy, rigour;
    a este análisis le falta rigor this analysis isn't rigorous enough;
    esta teoría no tiene ningún rigor científico this theory is totally lacking in scientific rigour;
    me dieron las instrucciones de rigor they gave me the usual instructions;
    nos cayó la bronca de rigor we got the inevitable telling-off;
    es de rigor en esas ocasiones it's de rigueur on such occasions;
    en rigor strictly (speaking)
    3. [inclemencia] harshness;
    los rigores del invierno the rigours of winter;
    los rigores del verano the harshness of the summer climate
    4. [rigidez] rigor mortis rigor mortis
    5. Comp
    Fam
    es el rigor de las desdichas she was born unlucky
    * * *
    m
    1 rigor, Br
    rigour;
    ser de rigor be a must, be obligatory
    2 ( precisión) rigor, Br
    rigour;
    rigor científico scientific rigor;
    en rigor strictly
    3 ( dureza) rigor, Br
    rigour;
    los rigores del invierno the rigors of winter;
    los rigores estivales the extremes of summer
    * * *
    rigor nm
    1) : rigor, harshness
    2) : precision, meticulousness
    3)
    de rigor : usual
    la respuesta de rigor: the standard reply
    4)
    de rigor : essential, obligatory
    5)
    en rigor : strictly speaking, in reality

    Spanish-English dictionary > rigor

  • 9 gründlich

    I Adj.
    1. thorough; (sorgfältig) auch careful; (erschöpfend) exhaustive; (vollständig) complete; eine gründliche Arbeit a thorough ( oder painstaking) piece of work; gründliche Kenntnisse haben in (+ Dat) be well-grounded in
    2. Irrtum: complete, total; ein gründlicher Reinfall a total letdown ( oder flop)
    II Adv.
    1. thoroughly etc.; sich gründlich vorbereiten prepare o.s. well; ich habe mich gründlich vorbereitet I’m well prepared; er hat seine Sache gründlich gemacht he’s done a very thorough job; iro. he’s made a thorough job of it; jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen give s.o. a piece of one’s mind
    2. umg. (sehr) properly; sich gründlich blamieren make a real (umg. right, proper, Am. complete, total) fool of oneself; gründlich danebengehen go completely wrong; (die Wirkung verfehlen) fall totally flat; da hast du dich gründlich getäuscht you’re very much mistaken there; ich habe mich in ihr gründlich getäuscht I completely misjudged her
    * * *
    rigorous (Adj.); fundamental (Adj.); careful (Adj.); radical (Adj.); thoroughly (Adv.); thoroughgoing (Adj.); properly (Adv.); thorough (Adj.)
    * * *
    grụ̈nd|lich ['grʏntlɪç]
    1. adj
    thorough; Vorbereitung auch careful; Arbeit painstaking, careful
    2. adv
    thoroughly; (inf = sehr auch) really

    jdm gründlich die Meinung sagen — to give sb a real piece of one's mind

    * * *
    1) ((of knowledge of a subject) deep and thorough.) intimate
    2) (completely or thoroughly: I didn't have time to read the book properly.) properly
    3) (with great care, attending to every detail: She doesn't do her job very thoroughly.) thoroughly
    4) ((of a person) very careful; attending to every detail: a thorough worker.) thorough
    5) ((of a task etc) done with a suitably high level of care, attention to detail etc: His work is very thorough.) thorough
    * * *
    gründ·lich
    [ˈgrʏntlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (gewissenhaft) thorough
    2. (umfassend) thorough
    eine \gründliche Bildung a broad education
    II. adv
    1. (fam: total) completely
    sich akk \gründlich täuschen to be completely mistaken
    2. (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv thorough
    2.
    1) (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    2) (ugs.): (gehörig)

    sich gründlich täuschen — be sadly or greatly mistaken

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. thorough; (sorgfältig) auch careful; (erschöpfend) exhaustive; (vollständig) complete;
    eine gründliche Arbeit a thorough ( oder painstaking) piece of work;
    gründliche Kenntnisse haben in (+dat) be well-grounded in
    2. Irrtum: complete, total;
    ein gründlicher Reinfall a total letdown ( oder flop)
    B. adv
    1. thoroughly etc;
    sich gründlich vorbereiten prepare o.s. well;
    er hat seine Sache gründlich gemacht he’s done a very thorough job; iron he’s made a thorough job of it;
    jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen give sb a piece of one’s mind
    2. umg (sehr) properly;
    sich gründlich blamieren make a real (umg right, proper, US complete, total) fool of oneself;
    gründlich danebengehen go completely wrong; (die Wirkung verfehlen) fall totally flat;
    da hast du dich gründlich getäuscht you’re very much mistaken there;
    ich habe mich in ihr gründlich getäuscht I completely misjudged her
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv thorough
    2.
    1) (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    2) (ugs.): (gehörig)

    sich gründlich täuschen — be sadly or greatly mistaken

    * * *
    adj.
    radical adj.
    thorough adj.
    thoroughgoing adj. adv.
    searchingly adv.
    soundly adv.
    thoroughly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gründlich

  • 10 scharf

    scharf <schärfer, schärfste> [ʃarf] adj
    1) ( gut geschliffen) Messer, Klinge sharp, keen ( form)
    \scharfe Krallen sharp claws;
    \scharfe Zähne sharp teeth;
    etw \scharf machen to sharpen sth
    2) ( spitz zulaufend) sharp;
    \scharfe Gesichtszüge sharp features;
    eine \scharfe Kante a sharp edge;
    eine \scharfe Kurve/ Kehre a hairpin bend;
    eine \scharfe Nase a sharp nose
    \scharfe Gewürze/\scharfer Senf hot spices/mustard;
    ( sehr würzig) highly seasoned;
    \scharfer Käse strong cheese;
    ein \scharfer Geruch a pungent odour [or (Am) -or]; ( hochprozentig) strong;
    einen S\scharfen trinken to knock back some of the hard stuff
    4) ( ätzend) aggressive, caustic [or strong]; s. a. Sache
    5) (schonungslos, heftig) harsh, severe, tough;
    \scharfe Ablehnung fierce [or strong] opposition;
    \scharfe Aufsicht/ Bewachung/ Kontrolle rigorous [or strict] supervision/surveillance/control;
    ein \scharfer Gegner a fierce opponent;
    \scharfe Konkurrenz fierce [or keen] competition;
    \scharfe Kritik biting [or fierce] criticism;
    \scharfe Maßnahmen ergreifen to take drastic [or harsh] measures;
    ein \scharfer Polizist a tough policeman;
    ein \scharfer Prüfer a strict examiner;
    \scharfer Protest strong [or vigorous] protest;
    ein \scharfes Urteil a harsh [or scathing] judgement
    6) ( bissig) fierce, vicious ( pej)
    \scharfe Auseinandersetzungen bitter altercations;
    etw in schärfster Form verurteilen to condemn sth in the strongest possible terms;
    ein \scharfer Verweis a strong reprimand;
    \scharfer Widerstand fierce [or strong] resistance;
    eine \scharfe Zunge haben to have a sharp tongue;
    sehr \scharf gegen jdn werden to be very sharp with sb
    7) inv ( echt) real;
    mit \scharfen Patronen schießen to shoot live bullets;
    \scharfe Schüsse abfeuern to shoot with live ammunition;
    eine \scharfe Bombe a live bomb
    8) (konzentriert, präzise) careful;
    \scharfe Betrachtung careful [or thorough] examination;
    \scharfe Beobachtung astute [or keen] observation;
    \scharfer Blick close [or thorough] inspection;
    ein \scharfer Analytiker a careful [or thorough] analyst;
    eine \scharfe Auffassungsgabe haben to have keen powers of observation;
    ein \scharfes Auge für etw haben to have a keen eye for sth;
    ein \scharfer Beobachter a keen [or perceptive] observer;
    \scharfe Intelligenz keen intelligence;
    ein \scharfer Verstand a keen [or sharp] mind
    9) opt, foto sharp;
    \scharfe Augen keen [or sharp] eyes;
    eine \scharfe Brille/ Linse strong [or powerful] glasses/a strong [or powerful] lens;
    \scharfe Umrisse sharp outlines;
    das Foto ist gestochen \scharf the photo is extremely sharp
    10) ( schneidend) biting;
    ein \scharfer Frost a sharp frost;
    \scharfe Kälte biting [or fierce] cold;
    \scharfe Luft raw air;
    eine \scharfe Stimme a sharp voice;
    ein \scharfer Ton a shrill sound;
    ein \scharfer Wind a biting wind
    11) ( forciert) hard, fast;
    in \scharfem Galopp reiten to ride at a furious gallop;
    in \scharfem Tempo at a [fast and] furious pace;
    ein \scharfer Ritt a hard ride
    12) (sl: aufreizend) spicy ( fam), naughty ( fam), sexy ( fam)
    auf jdn \scharf sein ( geil) to fancy sb ( fam), to be turned on by sb ( fam), to be keen on sb, to have the hots for sb (Am); ( jdm übelwollen) to have it in for sb;
    auf etw \scharf sein to [really] fancy sth ( fam), to be keen on sth
    13) (sl: fantastisch) great ( fam), fantastic ( fam), terrific;
    ein \scharfes Auto a cool car;
    [das ist] \scharf! [that is] cool!;
    das ist das Schärfste! (sl) that [really] takes the biscuit [or (Am) cake] ! ( fig)
    14) fball ( kraftvoll) fierce
    15) ( aggressiv) fierce;
    ein \scharfer [Wach]hund a fierce [watch]dog
    etw \scharf schleifen to sharpen sth;
    \scharf gebügelte Hosen sharply ironed trousers [or (Am) pants];
    ich esse/koche gerne \scharf I like eating/cooking spicy/hot food;
    \scharf schmecken to taste hot;
    etw \scharf würzen to highly season sth
    3) ( heftig) sharply;
    etw \scharf ablehnen to reject sth outright [or out of hand], to flatly reject sth;
    etw \scharf angreifen [o attackieren] to attack sth sharply [or viciously];
    etw \scharf kritisieren to criticize sth sharply [or harshly] [or severely];
    gegen etw \scharf protestieren to protest strongly [or vigorously] against sth;
    etw \scharf verurteilen to condemn sth strongly [or harshly];
    4) (konzentriert, präzise) carefully;
    ein Problem \scharf beleuchten to get right to the heart of a problem;
    \scharf analysieren to analyze carefully [or painstakingly] [or thoroughly];
    \scharf aufpassen to take great [or extreme] care;
    \scharf beobachten to observe [or watch] carefully [or closely];
    \scharf hinsehen to look good and hard;
    etw \scharf unter die Lupe nehmen to investigate sth carefully [or thoroughly], to take a careful [or close] look at sth;
    \scharf sehen to have keen [or sharp] eyes;
    etw \scharf umreißen to define sth clearly [or sharply];
    5) ( in forciertem Tempo) fast, like the wind [or devil];
    \scharf reiten to ride hard
    6) ( streng) carefully, closely;
    etw \scharf bekämpfen to fight hard [or strongly] against sth;
    jdn \scharf bewachen to keep a close guard on sb;
    gegen etw \scharf durchgreifen [o vorgehen] to take drastic [or vigorous] action [or to take drastic steps] against sth
    7) ( abrupt) abruptly, sharply;
    \scharf links/ rechts abbiegen/ einbiegen to take a sharp left/right, to turn sharp left/right;
    \scharf bremsen to brake sharply, to slam on the brakes;
    Fleisch \scharf anbraten to sear meat
    \scharf geladen sein to be loaded [with live ammunition];
    \scharf schießen to shoot [with live ammunition]
    9) opt, tech ( klar) sharply;
    das Bild/den Sender \scharf einstellen to sharply focus the picture/tune in the station
    10) ( geil)
    jdn \scharf machen to turn sb on ( fam), to make sb feel horny (sl)
    WENDUNGEN:
    es \scharf auf jdn haben ( ÖSTERR) to have it in for sb

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > scharf

  • 11 относительно

    relatively, about, with respect to, relating to, concerning, relative to, over, as regard to, as, with reference to
    • Во многих ситуациях относительно легко (вычислить и т. п.)... - In many situations it is relatively easy to...
    • До сих пор мы не делали предположений относительно... - So far we have made no assumptions regarding...
    • Здесь можно было бы сделать (небольшое) замечание относительно... - A remark may be made here about...
    • К несчастью, относительно этого (= об этом) мы не можем сказать практически ничего. - Unfortunately, very little can be said along these lines.
    • Кажется, было относительно немного исследований... - There seem to have been relatively few investigations of...
    • Мы заканчиваем этот параграф несколькими замечаниями относительно... - We will end this section with a few comments regarding...
    • Мы не будем долго распространяться относительно... - We shall not dwell upon the...
    • Мы рассматриваем относительно простую ситуацию, в которой... - We consider a relatively simple situation in which...
    • Немногое известно относительно роли... — Little is known about the role of...
    • Относительно... здесь не делается никаких предположений. - No assumption is made here about...
    • Относительно... известно не слишком много. - Not very much is known about...
    • Относительно... необходимо сделать пояснение. - A word of explanation is necessary with regard to...
    • Относительно более исчерпывающего обсуждения (вопроса и т. п.) читатель отсылается к... - For a more exhaustive treatment, the reader is referred to...
    • Относительно более полного описания предмета см. Найквист [1]. - For a fuller treatment of this subject, see Nyquist [1].
    • Относительно доказательства при менее жестких ограничивающих условиях смотри работу Смита [1]. - For a proof under less restrictive conditions, see Smith [1].
    • Относительно нетрудно (установить и т. п.)... - It is a comparatively simple matter to...
    • Относительно полученных скоростей при... сказано было немного. - Little has been said as to speeds obtained in...
    • Относительно приведенного выше соотношения (2) можно сделать несколько замечаний. - A few remarks may be made in connection with (2) above.
    • Относительно современной разработкой является... - A relatively modern development is the...
    • Относительно строгого вывода соотношения (12) читатель должен обратиться к работе Смита [1]. - For a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to Smith [1].
    • Очень мало (что) известно относительно... - Very-little is known about...
    • Очень мало что известно относительно данных объектов. (= Сведения относительно данных объектов очень скудны. ) - Very little is known about these objects.
    • По этой причине желательно иметь информацию относительно... - For this reason it is desirable to have information about...
    • Позднее нам будут необходимы несколько фактов относительно... - Later on we shall need certain facts about...
    • Рассмотрим некоторые важные сведения относительно (= о)... - Let us review some important facts regarding...
    • Следовательно, мы обязаны помнить относительно (= о) возможности... - We must keep in mind, therefore, the possibility of...
    • Сначала мы приведем некоторый дополнительный материал относительно... - We begin with some additional material relating to...
    • Сформулируем без доказательства следующую теорему относительно... - We state without proof the following theorem concerning...
    • Теперь мы приведем некоторые экспериментальные данные относительно... - We shall now give some experimental data concerning...
    • Теперь становится относительно простым... - It is now a relatively simple matter to...
    • То лее самое может быть сказано относительно... - The same things can be said about...
    • Часть этой знаменитой работы относительно... была выполнена Брэмблом. - Some of the most famous work on... was performed by Bramble.
    • Это уже дает некоторую информацию относительно... - This already gives some information about...
    • Этот результат не зависит ни от каких предположений относительно... - This result is independent of any assumption about...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > относительно

См. также в других словарях:

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  • rigorous — 01. The testing procedure for those applying to become firefighters is quite [rigorous], and very few people make it through. 02. The government has promised a very [rigorous] set of regulations regarding all experiments in cloning. 03. The young …   Grammatical examples in English

  • To have a hand in — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • To have in hand — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • To have one's hands full — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • To have the higher upper hand — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • philosophical anthropology — anthropology (def. 4). * * * Study of human nature conducted by the methods of philosophy. It is concerned with questions such as the status of human beings in the universe, the purpose or meaning of human life, and whether humanity can be made… …   Universalium

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  • metaphysics — /met euh fiz iks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) 1. the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology. 2. philosophy, esp. in its more abstruse branches. 3. the… …   Universalium

  • Karl Popper — Infobox Philosopher region = Western Philosophy era = 20th century philosophy color = #B0C4DE name = Sir Karl Raimund Popper CH FRS FBA birth = 28 July 1902 Vienna, Austria death = death date and age|df=yes|1994|9|17|1902|7|28 London, England… …   Wikipedia

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